Position-indicating system



July 16, 1945 B. D. L oUGHLlN ET AL POSITIONINDI'CATING' SYSTEM Filed Sept. 20, 1945 o. :e5: S Siam Kauanbaag i5:-iwleiez-- l i l l l r I 1 l i l 'L INVENTOR BERNARD D. LOUGHLIN JAME F. CRAIB A RNEY .1 "wil-TitiiI S`STAT y" "listened-July 16,1946

ss PATENT oFFlcs l lPosrrloisi-INDIcMINd SYSTEM 'Bernard D'. Loughlin, Bayside, and James F. Craib,

- ALittle Neck, N. Y.,- assigncrs, by mesne assignments, to Hazeitine Research, Inc., Chicago, Ill.,

` a'corporation of Illinois- Application september 20,1943, serial No. 503,072

`AThis invention relates in general-to a system for indicating the relative atively' movable members. While the. invention is subject to-a wide rangezof applications, it is especially suited for indicating the relative position of two relatively rotatable members and ments of the type under consideration, the signals transmitted to the receiving station generally comprise two carrier waves of the same frequency but modulated differently in the Vcoupling system provided at the transmitting station in accordance with the relative movement of the movable members. However, it may be very undesirable to use apparatus of the general type under consideration at the receiving station. For example, it may be desirable to provide at the receiver a cathode-ray tube indicator which is substantially free of inertia eiects.

Another type of indicating system which has been proposed effectively comprises an alternator for generating a polyphase output at the transmitting station together with a suitable motion-reproducing device, such as a cathoderay tube, at the receiving station. In such a sysa tem voltages are supplied to the receiving station which canl be used directly to deflect the cathode-ray beam of the indicator tube. However, in such a system the response is dependent upon the speed of rotation of the alternator at the transmitting station, a feature which in some cases is very undesirable.

It is an object of the invention, therefore, to provide an improved system for indicating the relative position of two relatively movable members which avoids one or more of the disadvantages of prior art arrangements mentioned above.

It is another object Yof this invention to pro- 'vide an improved system for indicating the relative position of two relatively movable members in which the apparatus employed at the transmitting station has a high degree of stabmty I,

In accordance with theinvention, a system for position of 'two rel-l indicatingtherelative position of two relatively movable memberscomprises an impedance-cou- .,pling means :having relatively movable primary l and secondary elements effective to vary the degree and' the.. senseof thel velectrical coupling therebetween' in `accordance with variations in the relative position ofsuch elements. The system also comprises 'means for mechanically coupling the primary element to oneoflthe aforementioned- Vmembers, means for-'f mchanically coupling the secondary element .to the other of the'faforernentioned members, and means effective in 4the absence of the impedance-coupling means for generating oscillations of `a'given frequency much greater than the effective maxi` mum frequency of motion between the two aforementioned members. Additionally, the system includes means for varying'the frequency of the generated oscillations in either direction from the aforesaid given frequency in accordance with the electrical coupling between the elements of the impedance-coupling means and means for utilizing the generated oscillations to produce an indication of the relative position of the two members.

For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects thereof, reference is had to the following description taken in connection with the4 accompanying drawing, and its scope will be pointed out in the appended claims.

In the drawing, Fig. 1 comprises a schematic representation of a system in accordance with the invention for indicating the' relative position of two relatively movable members; Fig. 2 is a graph utilized in explaining the operation of the invention; and Fig. 3 represents a position indication of the type which may be obtained in the system of Fig. 1.

Referring now more particularly to Fig. l, the invention is there represented in a system for indicating the relative position of two relatively rotatable members. These members are shown as a rotatable handwheel i0 and a stationary dial plate Il, which may, for example, comprise a portion of a control arrangement (not shown). A pointer I2, secured to the shaft of handwheel I0 for rotation therewith. and suitable graduawhich may be remote thereto.

'Ihe indicating system comprises an impedance-coupling means having relatively movable primary and secondary elements the relative position of which determines the electrical coupling therebetween. This means is provided by an inductive-coupling `device having relatively n e rotatable primary and secondary elements I5 and I6, respectively. The secondary element I5` rotates within the primary element I5 so that their relative position determines the sense and magnitude of the electrical coupling therebetween. As illustrated, primary element |5 is stationary and thus is effectively mechanically coupled to stationary dial plate Il. secondary element I6 is mechanically coupled to handwheel I0 for rotation therewith by a means, such as a shaft indicated by broken line I1, land, preferably, this coupling is-such that the secondary element rotates synchronously with handwheel I0.

The position-indicating system also includes means effective in the absence of the inductivecoupling device I5, I6 for generating oscillations of a frequency fo which is much greater than the effective maximum frequency of motion between members I0, Such generating means comprises a generator or oscillator 20 of conventional design and construction. As illustrated, the oscillator includes a vacuum tube 2| and a frequencydetermining circuit included in the anode-cathode circuit thereof, the frequency-determining circuit being comprised of a parallel combination of a condenser 22 and an inductor 23. Either element 22 or 23, or both, may be adjustable to establish the operating frequency of the oscillator at a desired predetermined value within its operatingfrequency range, condenser 22 being shown adjustable for this purpose. An in-phase feed-back voltage for sustaining oscillations is supplied from the output to the input circuit of the oscillator by way of an inductor 24, coupled to inductor 23 through mutual inductance M. l

Frequency stability of the described oscillator is obtained through the use of an automatic amplitude control arrangement which will be described in more detail hereinafter and which, per se, maintains the amplitude of the generated oscillationsl substantially constant. This arrangement, which also may be of conventional design, includes an automatic volume control or A. V. C. rectier 25 coupled between the output circuit of the oscillator arid a control electrode thereof.

However,

The rectifier is caused to havean amplitude-delay l action by a delay bias applied to the cathode .thereof from a bleeder network including resistors 21 and 28 and the source of space current +B of the oscillator. The A. V. C. voltage developed across a resistor 29 in the load circuit of rectifier 25 is applied to a control electrode of tube 2| Athrough a conventional resistance-capacitance lter.

The position-indicating system further lincludes means for varying the frequency of the generated oscillations in accordance with the electrical coupling between the elements yof impedance-coupling means |5, |6. To vthis end, anarrangement is provided for applying the generated oscillations to primary element I5 of the described inductivecoupling device, thereby to induce in secondary element I6 thereof oscillations having an amplitude modulated in accordance with the relative position of members I0, Il. This arrangement comprises a coupling condenser 25, a network 30, a repeater 38, and a transformer 40, 4| connected in cascade, in the recited order, between the output circuit of tube 2| and primary element I5. Series resistors 32, 33 and 34 and shunt condensers 35, 36 and 31 of network 38 provide a phase-shifting network in the coupling circuit for a purpose described more fully hereinafter. Resistor 34 is a voltage divider for adjusting the phase shift obtained inl the described network, while condenser 48 is a direct current blocking condenser. The input circuit of repeater 38 is coupled to network 30 through a second voltage divider 3| for limiting, or controlling, the amplitude of the oscillations applied to primary element l5. The primary winding 40 of transformer 40, 4| is included in the output circuit of repeater 38 and is tuned by a condenser 42 so that the current'through winding 40 has a substantially quadrature-phase relation with reference'to the voltage applied to the input circuit of the repeater.

'I'he oscillations induced in secondary element I6, by virtue of the application of oscillations to element I5, are applied to generator 20 with such phase as to vary the frequency of the generated oscillations in accordance with the relative position of members In, For this purpose, secondary element I6 is coupled to the input circuit of vacuum tubev 2| through inductlvely-coupled loops 43 and 44 and a transformer 45, 46, secondary winding 46 thereof being tuned by a condenser 41. Loop 43 is rotated with element I8, as indicated by broken line I1, while loop 44 is stationary.

It will be apparent from the immediately preceding paragraphs that a second voltage feedback path is provided for oscillator 20, this path including inductive-coupling device l5, I6. Preferably, the components of this feed-back path are designed-and arranged as indicated so that the voltage applied therethrough to the input circuit of tube 2| has a substantial quadrature-phase component with reference to the in-phase voltage fed back to the input circuit of tube 2| by inductor 24. 'Ihe amplitude and polarity of this quadrature-phase component vary in accordance with the relative position of elements I5, I6 and, thus, also in accordance with the relative position of members Ill and II.

A second impedance-coupling means, having substantially the same construction as that aforedescribed, is included inthe system under consideration to provide a synchronous indication of the relative motion of members Ill, ll I. This additional impedance-coupling means has a stationary primary element 50 and a secondary element 5| also mechanically coupled, as indicated by broken lline |1, with handwheel Ill for rotation therewith. An oscillator 52, which maybe generally similar to oscillator 20, is coupled with the second impedance-coupling means in a manner described in connection with the coupling between elements 5, I 6 and 20.

Further, the position-indicating system includes means for utilizing the generated oscillations to beam in a horizontal direction are derived from the oscillations of oscillator! in a horizontal deiiection channel comprising an 'amplitudelimiter 59, a frequency-modu1ation detector 60, and a deflection amplifier 6I connected in cascade to the output circuit of oscillator 52. Scale divisions corresponding tothe g'raduations of dial plate Il are provided on screen 52 of the tube to aid in obtaining position indications as indicated in Fig. 3.

Before considering the operation of the described system, it is desirable to refer to the adjustments required to obtain optimum operation. In particular, it is preferred to adjust the system to have the operating characteristics represented by the curves of Fig. 2. In this figure, curves A and B represent the frequency variations of oscillators 20 and 52, respectively, in response to the rotation of handwheel l0, assuming the oscillators to have the same mean operating frequency fo. It will be evident that the frequencies ofthe generated oscillations are varied in accordance with a sine function of the rotation of handwheel I betweenthe limiting values of forni. The maximum frequency variation A! is determined by the maximum amplitude of the induced oscillations supplied from secondary elements I6 and 5l, respectively, to oscillators 20 and 52, Voltage divider 3| is adjusted to limit this maximum frequency variation to a desired predetermined value. Additionally, voltage divider y3l of network 30 is suitably adjusted to cause the frequency variations of thev generated oscillations to be symmetri-v cal about the mean frequency fc. In other words, network 30 is adjusted to compensate undesirable phase shifts which may be introduced in the quadrature-phase feed-back circuit including repeater 38. quency characteristic of the circuit including inipedance-coupling means I5, I6 will generally be found to be nonuniform over the operating frequency range of the associated oscillator and, consequently, this circuit tends undesirably to shift the phase of the oscillations induced in secondary element I6. Thus, for optimum operation, the compensation afforded by network 30 is re` quired, While mention has been made only of the adjustments to oscillator 20, it will be understood that like adjustments are to be effected in oscillator 52.

It will be further apparent from the curves of Fig. 2 that, for optimum operation, the modulation of oscillator 20 has a phase displacement of 90 degrees with reference to the modulation of oscillator 52. To achieve this result, primary elements l5 and 50 are arranged in the same or in parallel planes, while secondary elements I6 and 5I are arranged in mutually perpendicular planes.

Additionally, it is preferred so to orient element.

5I with reference to handwheel I0 that there is substantially zero electrical coupling between eleindicating system, it-will be assumed that ythe system has beenadjusted in the aforementioned .similar to the operation of the well-known reactance tube, determines the instantaneous operating frequencies of oscillators 20 and 52. The generated oscillations are utilized in the horizontal and vertical deflection channels of tube Il t0 derive, in a conventional manner, horizontal and vertical deflection voltages'for the cathodehray beam thereof, which voltages have a magnitude and polarity determined by the frequency of the translated oscillations. These voltages deflect the beam to a position with reference to the scale divisionson the screen of tube 55 which correspends to the position of pointer I2 with reference to the scale divisions on dial plate l l.

The operation of the system may be more fully understood by considering the indication produced on the screen of tube V55 Afor a specific position of pointer l2. For example, assume the pointer to be in the position shown in Fig. l. where it is displaced from a reference or zero position by an angle 01. The'frequencies of the For example, the phase-shift fre- 'i ments 50 and 5I when pointer l2 isin registration with the zero calibration mark of dial Il. The impedance-coupling means may be arranged in this manner by adjustably connecting elements l I6 and 5| with mechanical coupling means l1 in a 'conventional manner, With the impedancecoupling means adjusted as described, the scale associated with the screen of tube 55 maybe properly oriented Withreference to pointer l2. Specifically, the zero calibration mark of the scale is to be positioned at thetopof the screen, as illustrated in Fig. 3.

In considering the operation of .the position` oscillations generated by units 20 and 52, for this condition, are indicated by the intersections of the ordinate line 01 in Fig. 2 with curves A and B, respectively. A positive unidirectional potential is developed'in the horizontal deflection channel and a negative` unidirectional potential is developed in the vertical deflection channel inresponse to' 'such generated oscillations. These voltages deflect the cathode-ray beam of tube 55 to produce an indication on the screen thereof which represents the assumed position of pointer I2. Such indication is shown at P in Fig. 3.

If desired, a control arrangement may be provided for energizing the cathode-ray bearn. of tube 55 only when a position indication is to be obtained. Such an arrangement avoids damage to the screencaused by focusing the beam thereof on a given spot fora sustained period.

It will be apparent that if handwheel I0 is continuously rotatedat a constant speed, the detector means in the horizontal and vertical deflection channels derive pulsating potentials lhaving a sinusoidal wave form and a -degree phase displacement. As is well known, such deflection voltages will cause the beam of tube 55 to trace a circular path` in synchronismwith the rotation corresponding to predetermined positions of the rotating member.

Several factors vcontribute to cause the vder scribed position-indicating system tohave a high degree of stability. First, the. automatic ampli-v tude control arrangement of the oscillation gen- Where a` specific indication 'of erators maintains the amplitude of the generated oscillations constant. For this reason, the inphase feed-back component is maintained at a electrical coupling therebetween.

While the invention has been described in connection with two relatively rotatable members I and |I,-,it will be understood that the system is equally applicable for producing an indication of.

the relative position of two members having some other mode of movement. For the preferred embodiment, it is only necessary mechanically to couple the primary or secondary element of each impedance-coupling means with one of the movable members so that the selected element rotates in response to the relative movement of the movable members. l,For example, where the movable members have a relatively linear pathy of motion, a rack and pinion arrangement fmay be utilized for controlling the primary or secondary elements of the impedance-coupling means to produce a position indication. Y t A In many applications, such as `that represented in the drawing, it will be preferred to rotate one element `of, each impedance-coupling means in synchronism with the movement of the movable members. However, there are instances where it is desired to rotate the selected element at a frequency corresponding to some harmonic of the lfrequency of motion of the movable members.

An example of such application of the invention may be found in copending application Serial No: 503,069, led concurrently herewith in the name of Bernard D. Loughlin.

The term' eective `maximum frequency of motion as used in the foregoing description'and illustrated for these generators is particularly adapted for operation in the audio-frequency range, yother arrangements may be utilized, such as those designed for operation in high-frequency ranges.l Y 1 Several distinctadvantages inherent in the position-indicating system of this invention will be immediately apparent. It will be seen, for example, that the system is capable of producing at a remote point an indication of the relative position of members I0 and Il for the condition when those members have a continuously changing relative position and for static conditions, that is, for conditions when members l0 and Il have a fixed relative position. In producing position indications for such static conditions, frequency modulation as utilized in the described system is espefor the illustrated embodiment comprising the` 8 discriminator arrangements of detectors l1 and 60. Furthermore, by adjusting oscillators 20 and 52 to have sufficiently different operating frequencies. the generated oscillations may be translated to remote indicator 55 and its associated elements ISG-6i, inclusive, by means of'a single signal-translating channel which, per se. may be incapable of transmitting direct current signals, illxlch" as a standard audio-frequency telephone While the connections from oscillators 20'and 52 to the indicating device 55 and its associated elements have been represented schematically, it will be understood that transmission between these units may be over a direct line or through a radio-frequency link circuit.

While there has been describedwhat is at present considered to'be the preferred embodiment of this invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in thefart .that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the invention, and it is, therefore, aimed in the appended claims to cover all such changes and modications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is: t

1. A system for indicating the relative position of two relatively movable members comprising, an

impedance-coupling means having relatively` trical coupling therebetween in accordance with variations in the relative position of said elements, means for mechanically coupling said primary element to one of said members, means for mechanically coupling said secondary element to the other of said members, means effective in the absence of said impedance-coupling means for generating oscillations of a given frequency much greater than the effective maximum frequency of motion between said two members. means for varying the frequency of said generated oscillations in either direction from said given frequency in accordance with the electrical coupling between the elements of said impedance-coupling means, andmeans for utilizing said generated oscillations .to produce an indication of the relative position of said two members.

2. A system for indicating the relative position of two relatively movable members comprising, an impedance-coupling means having relatively movable primary and secondaryl elements effective to var y the degree and the sense of the elecl trical coupling therebetween in accordance with variations in the relative position of said elementsmeans for mechanically coupling said primary element to oneof said members, meansfor mechanically coupling said secondary element to the other of said members, means effective in the absence of said impedance-coupling means for generating oscillations of a given frequency much greater than the effective maximum frequency of motion between said two members, means for applying said generated oscillations to said primary element, whereby there are induced in said sec- 'modulated in accordance with the relative position of said two members, means for applying said 'induced oscillations to said generating means with such phase as to vary the frequency of said generated oscillations in either direction from said given frequency in accordance with said relative position,'and means for utilizing said generated oscillations to produce an indication of the' relative position of said two members.

3. A system for indicatingthe relative position of two relatively movablemembers comprising, v

an impedance-coupling means having relatively movable primary and secondary elements effective to vary the degree and the sense of the electrical coupling therebetween'vfin accordance with greater than the effective maximum frequency of motion between said two members, means for applying said generated oscillations to said primary element, whereby there are induced in said secondary element oscillations having an amplitude modulated inaccordance with the relativev position of said two members, means for applying said induced oscillations to said generating means in movable primary and secondary elements effective to vary the degreeand the sense of the electrical coupling therebetweenin accordance with variations in the relative position of said elements,

means for mechanically coupling said primary.

element to one of said members, means for mechanically coupling said secondary element to the other of said members, means effective in the absence of said inductive-coupling means for generating oscillations of a given frequency much greater than the effective maximum frequency of motion between said two members, means for varying the frequency of said generated oscillations in either direction from said given frequency in accordance vwith the electrical coupling between the elements of said inductive-coupling means, and means for utilizing said generated oscillations to produce an indication of the relative position of said two members.

5. A system for indicating the relative position of two relatively movable members comprising,

yc. A system for indicating the relative position of vtwo relatively vmovable members .cor'nprisingn` 'an impedance-coupling. means. having relatively movable 4primary and secondary elements effech tive to varythe degree and thesense'fof the elec-k trical coupling therebetween in accordance with variations in the relative position of said elements,

meansfor mechanically coupling said primary element to one of said members, Ameans for mechanically coupling said secondary element to the other of said members, means effective in the absence of said impedance-coupling means for generating oscillations of a given frequencymuch greater than the effective maximum frequency of motion between said two members, means for A applying said generated oscillations to said primary element, whereby there are induced'in said secondary element `oscillations having an'amplitude modulated in accordance with the relative position of said two members, means for applying said induced oscillations to said generating means with such phase as to varyv the frequency of said generated oscillations in either direction from said given frequency in accordance with said relative position, means for limiting the amplitude of said oscillations applied to said primary element to adjust the maximum frequency variation of said generated oscillations, and means an impedance-coupling means having relatively movable primary and secondary elements eiective to vary the degree and the sense of the electrical coupling therebetweerrin accordance with variations in the relative position of said elements, means for mechanically coupling said primary element to one of said members, means for mechanically coupling said secondary elementto the other of said members, means effective in the absence of said impedance-coupling means for generating oscillations of a given frequency much greater than the effective maximum frequency of motion between said two members, means for varying the frequency of said generated oscillations in either direction from said given frequency in accordance with the electrical coupling between the elements of said impedancecoupling means, vmeans for adjusting the maximum frequency variation of said generated oscillations, and means for utilizing said-generated oscillations to produce an indication of the relative position of said two members.

for utilizing said generated oscillations to produce an indication of the relative position of said two members.

7. A system for indicating the relative position of two relatively movable members comprising, an impedance-coupling means having relatively rotatable primary and secondary elements effective tov vary the degree and the sense of the electrical coupling 'therebetween in accordance with variations in the relative position of said elements, means for mechanically coupling` one of said elements to one of said members; means for so mechanically coupling the other of said elements to the other of said members that said other element rotates in synchronism with the relative movement of said two members, means effective in the absence of said impedance-coupling means for generating oscillations of a given frequency much greater than the effective maximum frequency of motion between said two members, means for varying the frequency of said generated oscillations in either direction from said given frequency in accordance with the electrical coupling between the elements of said impedance-coupling means` and means for utilizing said generated oscillations to produce an indication of the relative position of said two members. 8. A system for indicating the relative position of two relatively movable members comprising, an impedance-coupling means having relatively rotatable primary and secondary elements effective to vary the degree and the sense of the electrical coupling therebetween in accordance with variations in the relative position of said elements, means for mechanically coupling oneof said elements to one oi' said members, means for so mechanically coupling the other of said elements to the other of said members that said other element rotates in response to relative movement of said two members, means effective in the absence of said impedance-coupling means for generating oscillations of a given frequency much greater than the effective maximum frequency of motion between said two members, circuit means for applying said generated oscillations to said primary element whereby there are induced in said secondaryelement oscillations.

having an amplitude modulated in accordance with the relative position of saidtwo members, circuit means for applying said induced oscillations to said generating means with such phase as` to varythe frequency of said generated oscillations in either'direction from said given frequency in accordance with said relativel position, said impedance-coupling means and said circuit means having a phase-shift frequency characteristic tending undesirablyto `shift the phase of said induced oscillations, means for compensating at least in part said phase-shift frequency characteristic to cause the frequency variations ofsaid generated oscillations to be substantially symmetrical with reference to said givenfrequency, and means for utilizing said generated oscillations to produce an indication of the relative position ofsaid two members.

9. A system for indicating the relative position of two relatively movable members comprising,

y prlsing, an impedance-coupling means having relatively movable primary and secondary elements effective to vary the degree and the sense of the electrical coupling therebetween in accordance with variations in the relative position of said elements, means for mechanically coupling said primary element to one of said members, means an impedance-coupling means having relatively rotatable primary and secondary elements effective to varv the degree and the sense of the electrical coupling therebetween `in accordancefwith variations in the relative position of said elements, means for mechanically coupling one of said elements to one of said members, means for so mechanically coupling the other of said `elements to the other of said members that said other element rotates in response to relative movement of said two members, means effective in the absence of said impedance-coupling means for generating oscillations of a given frequency much greater than the enective maximum frequency of motion between said two members. circuit means for applying said generated oscillations to said primary element whereby there arey induced in said secondary element oscillations having an amplitude modulated in accordance with the relative position of said two members, circuit means for applying said induced oscillations to said generating means with such phase as to vary the freouencv of said generated 1oscillations in either direction from said given frequency in accordance with said relative position. said impedance-coupling means and said circuit means having a phase-shift frequency characteristic tending undesirably to shift the phase of said induced oscillations, aphase-shifting network included in said means for applying oscillations to said primary element for compensating at least in part said phase-shift frequency characteristic to cause the frequency variations of said generated oscillations to be substantially .symmetrical with reference to said given frequency. and means for utilizing said generated oscillations to produce an indication of the relative position of said two members.

10. A system for indicating the relative position of two relatively rotatable members cornfor mechanically coupling said secondary element to the other of said members, means effective in the absence of said impedance-coupling means for generating oscillations of a given frequency much greater than the effective maximum frequency of motion between said two members, means for varying the frequency of said generated oscillations in either direction from said given frequency in accordance with the electrical coupling between the elements of said impedance-coupling means, detecting means coupled to said generating means for deriving from said generated oscillations a pulsating potential having an amplitude modulated in accordance with the relative position of said two members, and means for utilizing said pulsating potential to produce an indication of the relative position of said two members.

1l. A system forv indicating the relative position of two relatively rotatable members comprising, an impedance-coupling means having relatively movable primary and secondary elements eiective to vary the degree and the sense of the electrical coupling therebetween in accordance with variations in the relative position of said elements, means for mechanically coupling said primary element to oney of said members, means for mechanically coupling ysaid secondary element to the other 0f said members, means effective in the absence of said impedance-coupling means for generating oscillations of a given frequency much greater than the effective ma'ximum frequency ofA motion between said two members. means for Avarying the frequency of said generated oscillations in accordance with the electrical coupling between the elements of said impedance-coupling means, detecting meanscoupled to said generating means for deriving from said generated oscillations a pulsatingpotential having an amplitude modulated in accordance mined phase displacement with reference to said first-named unidirectional potential, and means for utilizing said last-named pulsating potential to deflect said beam in another direction normal to said one direction, thereby to produce a synchronous indication of vthe motion of said two members.

BERNARD D. LOUGHLIN. JAMES F. CRAIB. 

